How The Past Can Assist The Modern Criminal Justice System

Principally, changes in political climate with various governments occupied through times of war, plague and famine, have led to rapid changes in social values, priorities and economic environments. These factors are considered to be paramount during the application of historical methodologies, not least to studies pertaining to the CJS and its subsidiaries. Moreover, â€Å"In 1948, Sir Leon Radzinowicz... [believed] ...lessons of the past can assist the modern criminal justice system† (as cited in Godfrey, Lawrence and Williams, 2008, p. 16). Criminologists research to understand whether policing was and is pragmatic, idealistic or both and how it has become so rooted into the constitution despite its often hostile critique. From 1750, for two centuries, policing is considered to have been revolutionary. An initial unwillingness to relinquish a very British sense of liberalism was swiftly outweighed by the advocacy of a bourgeois ruling-class, seeking to protect their property and an acceptance from lower-classed service-users (Emsley, 1983). Whig historians positively viewed policing of the past as a â€Å"strong foundation† (Godfrey et al., 2008, p. 17). Critically, Marxism argues that the hierarchal social stratum is maintained through the criminalisation and marginalisation of the poorest in society. Consistently, political legislation has only been accessible by the elite, resulting in laws which are considerate of their own interests and keep the proletariats in orderShow MoreRelatedHow Technology Has Changed Our Lives Essay1285 Words   |  6 Pagesof entertainment. In the past when technologies had not developed much, people usually entertained by getting together to dance, sing, or listen to music; many of them went to a small bar in the community to drink or play cards. 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MTH 201 Project

MTH 201 Project-Topic #1: A Poker Game Tom Andary Essay MTH 201 Project-Topic #1: A Poker GameTom AndarySection 4There are many types of combinations desirable to possess in a poker game. Some are more desirable than others. What makes any given combination of cards powerful in the game of poker? The probability that it will occur. Specifically, the less likely a card combination is to occur, the more powerful it is. For starters, it is necessary to state that there are 2,598,960 possible combinations, or hands, from a standard 52 card poker deck. Also note that 1,302,540 of these hands do not contain any useful combination in the game of poker. That leaves 1,296,420 hands that could win you a game of poker. To get a pair, you are trying for 2 cards of a specific denomination out of 4 that exist, with three cards that dont amount to anything special from the remaining 48. For drawing the pair, you have combination of (4,2) (for drawing 2 cards from a four card set) times 13 (the number of 4 card sets), multiplied by the combination of (48 ,3). Then subtract the possibility of getting a full house, 2 pair, and 3 of a kind, to get 1,098,240 different ways of drawing a pair in a game of poker. This carries a probability of .4225. To get two pair, you are attempting to pull two cards each from two four-card sets, plus one random card not from either of the previous sets. First, you multiply the combination of (4,2) by 13, just as you would for 1 pair. Multiply the result by 12 times the combination of (4,2) and the combination of (44,1). Divide this answer by 2, to account for the fact that reverse pairs cannot exist side by side. (i.e. one pair can not be the 2 of hearts/2 of diamonds, and the other pair be the 2 of diamonds/2 of hearts.) The final answer is 123,552 possibilities, being a probability of .0475. Three of a kind is having three of one denomination, and two random cards which are not a pair. Take the combination of (4,3) times 13, multiplied by the combination of (48,2) to get 54,912. Then subtract the possibility of having a full house to get 54,912. Divide that by the magic number of possible poker hands to get your probability of .0211. A straight is cards forming a consecutive order, but not a straight flush or royal flush. Take the 4 suits of cards, and raise them to the 5th power, representing the 5 cards in your hand. Multiply the result by ten, then subtract the number of possible straight and royal flushes. This gives you 10,200 possibilities, divided by 2,598,960 for a probability of .0039. A Flush is having 5 cards from the same suit that are not in consecutive order so as to be a straight or royal flush. Take the combination of (13,5) (for 5 cards out of a 13 card suit) and multiply it by 4 (for the 4 suits) and subtract the possibility of a straight or royal flush to get 5,108. Divide 5,108 by the number of possible poker hands to get the probability of .0019. A full house is three of a kind and a pair together. Take the combination of (4,3) times 13 and multiply the answer by the combination of (4,2) times 12 (because you cant have a pair of a kind you have 3 taken out of already.) to get 3744. Divide that by the magic number of poker hands to get your probability of .0014. Noticing that the less probable a hand is, the easier it is to calculate? It keeps getting that way right down to the grand old royal flush?Four of a kind is pretty self explanatory. You posses all four of a given denomination of card. Take 13 times the combination of (4,4) and multiply the answer by the combination of (48,1) to get 624. Divide 624 by 2,598,960 to find the probability of .00024. .u746f4d0375df9798182999df4032b56d , .u746f4d0375df9798182999df4032b56d .postImageUrl , .u746f4d0375df9798182999df4032b56d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u746f4d0375df9798182999df4032b56d , .u746f4d0375df9798182999df4032b56d:hover , .u746f4d0375df9798182999df4032b56d:visited , .u746f4d0375df9798182999df4032b56d:active { border:0!important; } .u746f4d0375df9798182999df4032b56d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u746f4d0375df9798182999df4032b56d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u746f4d0375df9798182999df4032b56d:active , .u746f4d0375df9798182999df4032b56d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u746f4d0375df9798182999df4032b56d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u746f4d0375df9798182999df4032b56d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u746f4d0375df9798182999df4032b56d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u746f4d0375df9798182999df4032b56d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u746f4d0375df9798182999df4032b56d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u746f4d0375df9798182999df4032b56d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u746f4d0375df9798182999df4032b56d .u746f4d0375df9798182999df4032b56d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u746f4d0375df9798182999df4032b56d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: on Oedipus Jocasta Creon and Antigone EssayA straight flush is having 5 cards of the same suit in consecutive order, not including the royal flush. With (A,2,3,4,5) being the lowest straight flush, and (9,10,J,Q,K) being the highest, that totals 9 possibilities for each suit, 36 in all. Divide 36 by the now enormous-looking 2,598,960 for your highly unlikely probability of .000013. Now for the easiest to calculate, but hardest to obtain hand in the game of poker. The royal flush is possessing the 10, Jack, Queen, King, and Ace of the same suit. There are only 4 possibilities of this happening. Divide this by the number of possible poker hands to get the infinitesimally small probability of .0000015. Thats 649,740 to 1 odds on getting a royal flush on your first deal! Simply enough, the value of a hand of poker is based on two things:1. The probability of the hand occurring off the first deal. 2. If two players have the same kind of hand, the one with the highest cards wins. Heres how the poker hands rank in order from worst to best:? 1 Pair? 2 Pair? Three of a kind? Straight? Flush? Full House? Four of a Kind? Straight Flush? Royal Flush

Perception and Individual Decision Making

Perception and individual decision making are the notions which determine a human being and his/her mode of life. After watching the movie Blind Side, it is possible to analyze the behavior of Michael Oher who just wanted to live though in this case, the circumstances were rather specific. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Perception and Individual Decision Making specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Being left without parental assistance, Michael Oher had been searching for the main purpose in his life and found it in football. The chance changed the life of this person. Looking at his life, it is obvious that Michael Oher was sure that nothing was going to improve his situation. This was his perception of the situation as well as his individual decision. He used to run away from every family he was adopted by. When Leigh Anne found him, she could not even imagine how possible it was to live in such a way. Still, he r perception of the situation was different. Therefore, people are able to look at one and the same situation differently due to differences in perception of the facts. For example, in case of Michael Oher, it is possible to conclude that he got used to this situation, and it seemed better to him to live in such a way than to be grateful to the foreign people who offered him support and home. However, Leigh Anne was of another opinion though she could not understand Michael Oher’s decision as they had different perceptions of the situation (Blind Side). When people make decisions, they usually refer to personal experience, and it affects their perception of the surrounding world and some particular situation. It is impossible to judge people taking into account your personal experience as, in this case, a person considers the situation only from his/her personal point of view without referring to another individual’s background. The choice to begin a career of a spo rtsman was Michael’s decision which was based on personal features. Being a strong man of athletic constitution and possessing great powers of endurance, Michael was sure to achieve much success in football game though he also had to work hard. He understood that his low grades and other factors would not allow him to be a member of the school football team. Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, his coach gave him a chance as he saw that this boy could achieve success. Therefore, after reconsidering his personal attitude to studying, Michael improved his grades and became a part of the football team. This decision was well-considered as he wanted to play football, and the only way to achieve that was to progress in his studying. Robbins and Judge are sure that people consider situations from their personal perspectives, and decisions they make are also based on th eir vision of the situation developed from their past experiences. If one situation seems appropriate for one person, it does not mean that the same situation will be appropriate for all. It is possible to have two visions on one and the same situation as people usually refer to their experience, and on its basis, their decisions are made (Robbins and Judge 128). Therefore, looking at the life of Michael Oher, some people may find his actions strange, for example, when he ran away from the families, while those, who have also experienced the same conditions, may understand him. Therefore, human actions and decisions are usually based on their personal experience and perception. In most cases, the decision making is made by an individual as a person must consider the situation from his/her personal side to make a proper decision on how to behave. Works Cited Blind Side. Ex. Prod. Broderick Johnson. Burbank, California: Warner Bros., 2009. DVD. Robbins, Stephen P. and Timothy A. Judg e. Organizational Behavior. Oxford: Prentice Hall, 2008. Print. This essay on Perception and Individual Decision Making was written and submitted by user Madr0x to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Zimbabwe essays

Zimbabwe essays Many years ago, groups of hunters organized together and lived in the area now known as Zimbabwe. Over time this group of hunters were slowly taken over by a more powerful group of people called the Shona who spoke on of the many Bantu languages. The Shona moved in to Zimbabwe around the time of Christ. They raised livestock and farmed on land that they used the slash and burn technique to clear. By 1500 A.D. Zimbabwe was ruled by the Shona by kings known as Munhumutapa's. These rulers ruled until about the 17th century when Changamire and Rozwi kingdomes threatened their power. The Rozwi kingdom conquiered the Shoni and ruled Zimbabwe for about 100 years. The kingdom lost all organization and plumited leavind small groups of shoni people to rule Zimbabwe. Later the Ndebele moved in to help establish a better ruling with the Shoni peoples. At first the Shoni and settlers that were just passing through. Even when white settlers came through they had no problem. But when they started setting up astablishments the Shoni relized they were wrong to allow such a thing, but by then it was to late the settlers were already trying to take control of Zimbabwe. The shoni peaoples were no match for the heavily soldiers. In 1894 it was over the white settlers had taken control of Zimbabwe and was taxing the shoni peoples and also using them as slaves. European rule over Zimbabwe expired in 1914 although the British agreed that they should extent the period for another 10 year, so they did for a while till the british government retained the right to extend the ruling so zimbabwe had to vote on whether it shoud be a self-governed country or be added in to south africa as land. Since blacks could not vote the countrie was voted to be self governed in 1923. Zimbabwe was made in to a self-governed country in the British Empire. prior to 1953 zimbabwe was cocidered in three parts, theese ...

Is Shingles Contagious 2 Methods of Transmission to Avoid

Is Shingles Contagious 2 Methods of Transmission to Avoid SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Exactly how you get shingles can be confusing: it's technically the reactivation of chickenpox and is caused by the same pesky virus (the varicella-zoster virus). But is shingles contagious? What are the riskiest transmission methods? How long is it contagious? What can you do to avoid getting shingles transmitted to you? What even causes shingles? We'll be covering everything below, but let's start with a basic question. Feature image: Wikimedia/Fisle How Do You Get Shingles? You don't catch shingles from other people- instead it's caused by the reactivation of the virus that causes chickenpox. You can only develop shingles if you had chickenpox when you were younger. You can't get shingles if you've never had chickenpox. After you recover from chickenpox, the varicella-zoster virus can enter your nervous system and lie dormant there for years. Someday, it might reactivate and cause shingles to appear. Doctors aren’t exactly sure why this happens, but it tends to happen to older people (over 50 years old) and/or those with weakened immune systems (for example, those with HIV or leukemia). You can't catch shingles from someone else, but if you have it, you can transmit the virus to others, giving them chickenpox. Is Shingles Contagious? Technically, you cannot catch "shingles," like I explained above- it's just a reactivation of the virus. However, you can pass the virus around! According to Mayo Clinic, if you have shingles, you can pass the varicella-zoster virus (in the form of chickenpox) to anyone who isn't immune to chickenpox. This means that shingles can only be spread to someone who has never had chickenpox before or has never gotten the chickenpox vaccine. If they’re infected, they’ll develop chickenpox (not shingles). So is shingles contagious? Absolutely yes- someone with shingles can pass the chickenpox virus to other people. How Is Shingles Transmitted? The virus can only be transmitted in two ways. The first method is through direct contact with the open sores of the shingles rash (such as the sores in the image above). The second method is through contact with the fluid from the shingles sores. Avoid contact with anything that might have touched the fluid from the shingles sores. For example, make sure you don’t share any towels or clothes with someone who has shingles. All that being said, according to the CDC, shingles is less contagious than the chickenpox, meaning it’s more difficult to spread. How Long Is Shingles Contagious? According to the CDC, someone with shingles can spread the virus when the rash is in the blister period. This shingles contagious period is when the blisters start appearing and filling with fluid; it can last anywhere from 1-4 weeks. Shingles is not infectious before the blisters appear. Shingles is not contagious once the shingles rash has developed crust or has started to scab over. Precautions to Take Around People With Shingles If you’ve had chickenpox or shingles before (which over 95% of the US population has) or you’ve received the chickenpox vaccine, you don’t have to worry about getting infected yourself since you’re immune to the virus. However, you don’t want to unintentionally spread the virus to those who’ve never had chickenpox. If you’re in contact with someone with shingles, you should avoid directly touching their rash. You should also avoid touching their clothes, bedding, towels, or anything else that might have touched their rash. If you must touch these items, you should wash your hands thoroughly immediately after contact. Even if you've already had chickenpox, if you get the fluid from the sores on your hands, you could potentially spread the virus on accident. You could touch a doorknob and leave some of the virus behind. Wash your hands often to avoid this. If you haven't had chickenpox before and haven't been vaccinated, you should avoid direct contact with shingles sores and should also avoid contact with anything the sores might have touched (clothes, bedding, towels, etc.). Also, you should go get the chickenpox vaccine; anyone 12 months or older is eligible to receive the vaccine. Precautions to Take If You Have Shingles If you have shingles currently and are trying to avoid spreading it, the best thing you can do is cover your rash. According to the NY Department of Health, the risk of spreading the virus is low if the rash is covered. If you have shingles, you should keep your rash covered, not touch or scratch the rash, and wash your hands often to prevent the spread of the virus. Also, according to the CDC, until your rash has developed crusts, you should avoid contact with the following groups: Pregnant women who have never had chickenpox or the chickenpox vaccine Infants who have not yet had chickenpox or the chickenpox vaccine People with weakened immune systems such as people receiving immunosuppressive medications or undergoing chemotherapy, organ transplant recipients, and people with HIV These people are the most at risk for catching chickenpox. No touching with shingles! Conclusion: Is Shingles Contagious? In short, yes. Here are the key points to remember about shingles transmission: Shingles is the reactivation of chickenpox; you can only get shingles if you’ve previously had chickenpox. Shingles can only be spread to those who’ve never had chickenpox before (and who haven’t had the chickenpox vaccine). Shingles can be transmitted through contact with open sores or fluid from the sores. Before the sores appear and once they scab over, the virus is not contagious. The period during which shingles is contagious is between 1 and 4 weeks. If you’ve had chickenpox before (or have had the vaccine) and are around someone with shingles, you don’t need to worry because you’re immune to the virus; however, wash your hands to avoid spreading it to others. If you’ve never had chickenpox and have not had the vaccine, then you should avoid contact with the sores and with anything the sores have touched (i.e. bedding). You should also consider getting the chickenpox vaccine. If you have shingles and are trying to avoid spreading it, cover your rash, wash your hands often, and avoid direct contact with infants, pregnant women, and those with weakened immune systems.

Information to be used for my website (Etiquette Business Programs) Essay

Information to be used for my website (Etiquette Business Programs) - Essay Example This is accomplished not only by reaching our goals and expressing our knowledge and high capabilities, but also by focusing on the process of these actions. Take a moment to look at the programs that offer golden rules every person needs to be able to successfully interact in today’s world. When one receives a letter how the letter is presented will always affect the receiver, irrespective of the content. While this is one example, one considers that it is only a microcosm of our modern existence. Through high Etiquette characteristics, individuals will gain all the qualities of a letter that will receive appreciation, attention and respect even before it is opened. This is essential to the success of your life and to the prosperity of Qatari culture on the global stage. From how one holds a fork to how to organize an international VIP cocktail, etiquette covers minor and major aspects. It’s never too late to learn sophisticated manner techniques or what we often call the â€Å"golden rules†. Indeed, cutting-edge behavioral therapists have demonstrated that such practices can be learned and conditioned until they become a part of our instinctual behavior. Such guidance is given for children and their parents, professionals and non-professionals, employees and directors, young and old. â€Å"Don’t judge a book by its cover† is a phrase that we all wish to believe, but it is just human nature to have some sort of first impression of a person. It is also possible that this first impression can enact a snowball effect where the individual’s future interactions with the persons are forever affected. In one wrong move or inappropriate comment a person can face long-term impressions or misunderstandings. The problem in many cases is that the individual is not aware that he or she caused a misunderstanding or made a hurtful comment and is not

Appropriate Police Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Appropriate Police Response - Essay Example The essay "Appropriate Police Response" tackles and discusses some of the most pressing issues facing the police on any given day during their tour of duty. In addition to having one of the highest suicide rates of any profession, police force members face daily risks which put life and limb in danger. Three major factors in police response are communications, use of force and professional community relations. Communications aspect is a very critical component of any police response to calls for help in emergency situations. This is because the responders have to judge correctly the situation before going in, such as a hostage situation. The point is that a police officer has to read the situation correctly in terms of its riskiness, analyze the threats to the public and to the police officer himself without resorting to unnecessary force. If the situation is diffused peacefully, then so much the better. Another case is when an officer sees a teenager carrying a knife in a dark and deserted alley but who has failed to respond when told to stop and drop the knife. This situation calls for a quick but critical thinking by asking a few questions: is the teenager a mentally-challenged youth who did not understand what he was doing, is the youth hearing-impaired and did not hear the pol ice officer or is this a young man newly arrived in America and does not understand even a few simple, basic English words? If mishandled, this situation can escalate and perhaps even turn tragic if miscommunication occurs.